2020 LACCEI - Virtual Edition
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://axces.info/handle/10.18687/48
“Engineering, Integration, And Alliances for A Sustainable Development” “Hemispheric Cooperation for Competitiveness and Prosperity on A Knowledge-Based Economy”. Virtual Edition. July 27 - 31, 2020
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Item Integrated Application of Cleaner Production on a University Campus(LACCEI Inc., 2020-07) Nahui-Ortiz, Johnny; Camarena-Gamarra, Caroline; Mendoza, AlejandroCleaner production is gaining increased attention worldwide. The objective of the present work is the integrated application of cleaner production on a university campus. A university campus involves several activities including academic and administrative tasks that are carried out along the entire year. Opportunities for efficient use of energy, water, fuels, and other resources, are identified in order to establish the cost-benefit associated with its eventual implementation. Their feasibility evaluation should consider technological, economic, and environmental aspects involved in order to assess potential cost savings and the corresponding payback time. Potential impacts on utility bills can be rather significant and depend on the nature of the cleaner production strategy to be implemented, including best practices, replacement of current equipment and components with more efficient units, as well as adoption of best available technologies. Annual usage of energy, water, fuels, ink, and paper on a university campus was collected. It was found that total annual cost accounted for 1’471,863 US$. Potential annual cost savings were estimated as 267,304 US$. Implementation cost was estimated as 276,200 US$ with an overall payback time of 1.03 years. In addition to that, cleaner production measures for electricity and fuels would lead to a carbon dioxide emissions reduction of 57.27 tons/yr.Item Benchmarking of Solar PV performance ratio among different regions in Peru: sample of five small-scale systems(LACCEI Inc., 2020-07) Camarena-Gamarra, Caroline; Calle-Maravi, Jose; Nahui-Ortiz, JohnnyFive 3.25-kWp Photovoltaic Systems were installed in different regions in Peru. Solar irradiance and power output were measured during the entire year of 2019. On the basis of data registered, solar PV performance ratio was assessed for all systems. Analysis of how a variation of the solar irradiation and the power output may affect LCOE values was carried out. Implications for end users in terms of expected payback time due to different LCOE values were also assessed. It is concluded that Performance ratio changes over the year depending on which of the five regions the PV system was installed. Considering average monthly values, calculated for over a year, the highest value corresponds to Site Number 3 (Piura) while the lowest value corresponds to Site Number 2 (Lima UNALM). If LCOE from site Number 3 is considered as a basis for comparison purposes, then LCOE from site Number 2 would be 78.5% more expensive in terms of US$/kWh. Also, if payback time from site Number 3 is considered as a basis for comparison purposes, then payback time from site Number 2 would be 78.5% longer. Therefore, expected performance of a solar PV system, among different regions of the country, is a factor that should be taken into account when proposing policies and incentives for net metering squemes under distributed generation.Item Assessment of Cost-Benefit for a Net Metering Scheme based on Solar PV: Case Study on a University Campus located in Lima-Peru.(LACCEI Inc., 2020-07) Camarena-Gamarra, Caroline; Calle-Maravi, Jose; Nahui-Ortiz, JohnnyA net metering scheme based on a 3.25-kWp Photovoltaic System was setup within the facilities of a university campus located in Lima-Peru for evaluation purposes. Solar PV system output as well as energy demand were registered for the entire year 2019. The contribution of solar PV production to total electricity demand is analyzed, considering seasonal variations in both the PV production and the energy consumption within the period of one year. Total implementation cost was calculated by adding CAPEX and OPEX values for a 3.25-kWp solar PV system operating under local conditions. In this case, total investment cost for the PV systems is estimated as 4,063 US$ while annual O&M costs are estimated as 71 US$. Considering a local electricity tariff of 0.15 US$/kWh for the end user, annual cost savings is 1068 US/yr and the overall simple payback turns out to be 4.3 years. Therefore, it can be expected that potential introduction of a net metering squeme may become attractive for end users under local market conditions.Item Introduction of electric vehicles in Peru: Potential contribution to carbon emission reduction.(LACCEI Inc., 2020-07) Quillos-Ruiz, Serapio; Escalante-Espinoza, Nelver; Nahui-Ortiz, JohnnyElectric Vehicles are about to enter the Peruvian market. There is expectation with regard to their potential contribution to carbon emission reduction. Small vehicles run usually on gasoline. There is also a number of vehicles that are now running on LPG or Natural gas which originally were designed to run on gasoline. The substitution of gasoline with LPG or Natural Gas already has contributed to carbon emission reduction and also, equally important, provided the end user with cost savings. Electric vehicles are assumed to be free of carbon emissions in their operation; however, the electricity used for operation of electric vehicles may not be free of carbon emissions in its generation. Thermal power plants have increased their share in the electricity production mix of Peru and last year accounted for nearly half of total production. Therefore, careful evaluation is required in order to establish a realistic expectation about carbon emission reduction due to the potential introduction of electric vehicles in the local market. By doing so, a total of 348,437 tCO2/yr could be avoided. This means that a 15% penetration of electric vehicles would lead to a reduction of 59.70% when compared to the use of CNG, LPG, Gasoline Motor, and Gasoline/Ethanol, but only a reduction of 0.78% if compared to total current carbon emissions.Item Analytical Model for Energy-Ecoefficiency based on Life Cycle Analysis(LACCEI Inc., 2020-07) Nahui-Ortiz, Johnny; Camarena-Gamarra, Caroline; Mendoza, AlejandroEcoefficiency involves a number of possible strategies oriented to improve the use of resources in any organization. Potential improvements include products, processes, and services. There are different strategies oriented to improve ecoefficiency levels at organizations by optimizing the use of resources. Energy, by all means, plays a key role for ecoefficiency at all levels. Traditional cost-benefit analysis is based on simple payback or equivalent. Life Cycle Analysis makes an important contribution to cost-benefit analysis evaluation by incorporating aspects associated raw materials, production, distribution, end use, and disposal. Evaluation of potential savings attributed to ecoefficiency strategies may then be considered in a more sustainable framework incorporating aspects from an LCA perspective. For illustration purposes, a small manufacturing plant located in Lima, Peru is considered as a reference case. A typical measure associated with the use of a more efficient lighting system would save around 20% of total cost with a return on investment of about 2 years. The amount of electricity saved would also have impacts within an LCA approach, considering for instance the nature of the national electricity grid. Also, the lamp to be purchased for the more efficient lighting systems would also have impacts within an LCA approach, taking into account for instance the fabrication site of the lamp. By including an LCA approach into an energy-ecoefficiency management system, a more accurate payback calculation might be carried out.Item Environmental Life Cycle Assessment for a Large-Scale Gold Mining(LACCEI Inc., 2020-07) González-Campo, María José; Pasqualino, Jorgelina; Díaz-Mendoza, Claudia; Rodríguez-Dono, AlfonsoMining, generally speaking, is an industry which consumes water in an intensive way, and when metal fineness is less and more mineral is extracted, it will also increase the consumption of this source. Just in the last 40 years the trends of world production of the mineral extractive, manufacturing and services industries have grown steadily. And in Peru, for example, it has reduced the total area of glaciers and fresh water in the coasts, where around 60\% of the population lives. For that reason, it is necessary to assess the impact that this sector generates in order to identify those significant impacts where solutions can be proposed. Using the LCA software SimaPro, the assessment is focused on large scale gold mining by heap leaching, where it was obtained those processes that worst effects to the environment resulted to be processing, mainly, and leaching ins second place, as well as the most affected impact categories were: climate change, agricultural land occupation, water and metal depletion. On the other hand, another three different impact categories, terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecotoxicity, showed an inverse result which could be translated as a potential positive impact, however due to the inventory and data collected, the affirmation cannot be possible to sustain.