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Item Estudio del área afectada por el calor en los aceros al carbono, por efecto de precalentamiento y soldadura(LACCEI Inc., 2021-07) Quillos-Ruiz, Serapio A.; Escalante-Espinoza, Nelver J.; Nahui-Ortiz, Johnny; Figueroa-León, Ruben A.; Fernández-Urbano, Johnny F.Se estudió el área afectada por el calor en los aceros al carbono ASTM A36, con espesores de 12 mm, analizando el efecto del precalentamiento en sus propiedades. El proceso de soldeo empleado fue SMAW, luego se realizaron ensayos de tracción, dureza, metalografía y cálculos numéricos, para lo cual se estableció un rango de temperaturas de 100°C; 120°C; 145°C; 160°C, concluyendo que la temperatura de precalentamiento óptima es de 145°C, de la cual se obtuvo los siguientes resultados del ensayo de tracción (515.82 Mpa) y dureza (232 HV), tal es así que de acuerdo a las recomendaciones por el porcentaje de carbono equivalente y relaciones de dureza, el material no presentará fisuración en frío. Por otro lado, en los resultados del esfuerzo (424.15-500.36 MPa) y la dureza (214-250 MPa) por efecto del precalentamiento se observa que ambos son inversamente proporcionales entre sí. Asimismo, el efecto del precalentamiento minimiza la velocidad de enfriamiento para evitar fragilidad del material y la máxima formación de martensita, además el ancho del área afectada por el calor se incrementa a medida que se incremente el aporte de calor. Posteriormente se determinó que la influencia del precalentamiento sobre la microestructura es indispensable para reducir la cantidad de martensita mediante un enfriamiento lento para no provocar niveles de endurecimiento en el área afectada por el calor con el fin de no generar riesgos de fisuración en frío. Finalmente, se pudo comprender las variaciones microestructurales (tracción y dureza), del área afectada por el calor, con el fin de evitar la aparición de fisuración en el cordón de soldadura.Item A comparative cost analysis of electricity produced by a diesel and a wind power generation system for an energy load located in Chimbote, Ancash-Perú.(LACCEI Inc., 2021-07) Nahui-Ortiz, Johnny; Quillos-Ruiz, Serapio; Escalante-Espinoza, Nelver; Sotelo-Valer, FreedyIn this research work, a comparative cost analysis of electricity produced by a non-renewable and a renewable energy system is carried out. A 165.4-kWh daily electric load is established on the basis of a community-type profile, with a 20.5-kW peak load and a load factor of 0.34. Using simulation built-in features from HOMER Pro, optimum sizing for both a diesel-based system and a wind power system is carried out. A proposed non-renewable energy supply alternative consists of a 23-kW diesel generator, a 40-kWh storage capacity, and a 5.8-kW DC-AC converter. On the other hand, a proposed renewable energy supply alternative consists of a 135-kW wind power generation, an 821-kWh storage capacity, and a 49.2-kW DC-AC converter. A levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) approach is used for comparison purposes. Also, net present cost (NPC) is calculated for the proposed energy supply alternatives. It is concluded that for comparative cost analysis key aspects, such electric load profile and its correlation with wind speed availability on hourly basis, play a significant role. However, the incorporation of environmental benefits could overcome some economic feasibility barriers in the near future.Item Incidence of load profiles in the Levelized Cost of Electricity for a wind power generation system located in Lambayeque-Perú.(LACCEI Inc., 2021-07) Nahui-Ortiz, Johnny; Aguinaga, Amado; Dávila, Fredy; Méndez, OscarIn this research work, a comparative cost analysis of electricity produced by a renewable energy system is carried out considering two reference electric load profiles. A 165.4-kWh daily electric load is established on the basis of a community-type profile, with a 20.5-kW peak load and a load factor of 0.34. Using simulation built-in features from HOMER Pro, optimum sizing for both a load profile driven by night time energy demand and a load profile driven by day time energy demand is carried out. A proposed wind power generation system, for a load driven by night time energy demand, consists of a 168-kW wind power generation system, an 820-kWh storage capacity, and a 90.2-kW DC-AC converter. Also, a proposed wind power generation system, for a load driven by day time energy demand, consists of the same component configuration. A levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) approach is used for comparison purposes. Also, net present cost (NPC) is calculated for the proposed energy supply alternatives. It is concluded that for comparative cost analysis key aspects, such electric load profile and its correlation with wind speed availability on hourly basis, may not play a significant role for this particular case. Also, gathering local measured data as opposed to using reference databases could further contribute to optimize sizing of wind power generation systemsItem Efecto del vertimiento de aceites residuales en la calidad del suelo en los talleres automotrices de la Ciudad de Chimbote(LACCEI Inc., 2021-07) Quillos-Ruiz, Serapio A.; Nahui-Ortiz, Johnny; Escalante-Espinoza, Nelver J.; Calderon-Rodriguez, Luis C.El crecimiento de las ciudades está relacionado con el crecimiento de la actividad económica y el aumento de unidades automotrices; siendo necesario el recambio de aceite de los vehículos por necesidades técnicas, como resultado se tiene grandes cantidades de aceite residual que son liberados al suelo y el agua, generando contaminación. En el presente estudio se trabajó con talleres automotrices con suelo de tierra y pisos de cemento, tomándose muestras de control sin contaminación y muestras de suelos contaminados. Se encontró presencia de metales pesados (Pb, Zn y Cu) con valores elevados que superan los ECAs de calidad ambiental, existiendo diferencias “altamente significativas” con los valores de suelo control, teniendo un resultado promedio 168.25 mg/kg de Pb (ECA = 70 mg/kg), 251.25 mg/kg de Zn (ECA = 200 mg/kg), y 80.75 mg/kg de Cu (ECA = 91 mg/kg), afectando directamente la calidad del suelo en los talleres de mecánica automotriz de la Avenida José Pardo, Chimbote. No se puede tener una generalización del suelo contaminado cuando se toma en cuenta los pH de los tipos de suelos, teniendo valores cercanos a 8 en la zona de estudio, donde el clima es seco y el terreno es arenoso. Los valores del COT, CE, HTP, Pb, Zn, y Cu obtenidos superan los estándares nacionales e internacionales, estableciéndose que los suelos son fitotóxicos.Item A comparative cost analysis of electricity produced by a diesel and a solar-PV generation system for an energy load located in Chimbote, Ancash-Perú.(LACCEI Inc., 2021-07) Nahui-Ortiz, Johnny; Quillos-Ruiz, Serapio; Escalante-Espinoza, Nelver; Sotelo-Valer, FreedyIn this research work, a comparative cost analysis of electricity produced by a non-renewable and a renewable energy system is carried out. A 165.4-kWh daily electric load is established on the basis of a community-type profile, with a 20.5-kW peak load and a load factor of 0.34. Using simulation built-in features from HOMER Pro, optimum sizing for both a diesel-based system and a solar photovoltaic system is carried out. A proposed non-renewable energy supply alternative consists of a 23-kW diesel generator, a 40-kWh storage capacity, and a 5.8-kW DC-AC converter. On the other hand, a proposed renewable energy supply alternative consists of a 131-kW solar PV generation, a 427-kWh storage capacity, and a 24.7-kW DC-AC converter. A levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) approach is used for comparison purposes. Also, net present cost (NPC) is calculated for the proposed energy supply alternatives. It is concluded that for comparative cost analysis key aspects, such electric load profile and its correlation with solar radiation availability on hourly basis, play a significant role. However, the incorporation of environmental benefits could overcome some economic feasibility barriers in the near future.Item Energy-Environmental Modelling of a PEM-Type Fuel Cell for Hydrogen Production(LACCEI Inc., 2021-07) Nahui-Ortiz, Johnny; Mendoza, Alejandro; Quillos-Ruiz, Serapio A.; Escalante-Espinoza, NelverHydrogen is being considered nowadays as a fuel for the future due to its multiple applications and also its potential contribution to carbon emission reduction. In this research, a preliminary energy-environmental modelling is carried out considering hydrogen production based on renewable energies and a PEM fuel cell for electricity production. In this case, hydrogen is produced by electrolysis using two 250-Wp solar photovoltaic system and a 400-W wind energy converter for combined electricity generation under local conditions. Carbon emission reduction is estimated considering a partial potential substitution of fossil fuels by green hydrogen and using an overall carbon dioxide factor for the national electric grid. Outcoming results show that 698.1 kWh/yr could be locally produced considering a solar radiation of 3825 Wh/m2-day. Also, 188.9 kWh/yr could be locally produced considering a mean wind speed of 3.1 m/s measured at 10 m height. Besides, 56.1 kWh is needed to obtain 1 kg of hydrogen through electrolysis using a PEM fuel cell. It is concluded that a combined daily solar-wind electricity production of 2.43 kWh could help to reduce 496 kgCO2/yr by partially substituting fossil fuels by green hydrogen. Last but not least, a demonstrative module has been set up, for educational purposes, at the Environmental Engineering Department located on the main campus of the National University of Engineering, in Lima-Peru.Item Sistematization of an Ecoefficiency Model Applied to a University Campus(LACCEI Inc., 2021-07) Nahui-Ortiz, Johnny; Mendoza, Alejandro; Sotelo, Freedy; Aguinaga, Amado; Dávila, Fredy; Méndez, OscarAccording to recent regulations, public organizations are encouraged to report current levels of supplies consumption including fuels, water, electricity, paper and others. Nevertheless, one of the key barriers for increasing adoption of ecoefficiency and cleaner production programs is the lack of successful studies among local organizations. In the light of the above concern, systematization of best practices and most common retrofits could help accelerate the pace of implementing further concrete actions. The methodology that was carried out for the present work focuses on ecoefficiency in the public sector, local guidelines for ecoefficiency, most frequent ecoefficiency measures, and systematization for decision making purposes There are several ecoefficiency measures that have been frequently recommended for electricity, fuel, water, and office supply consumption optimization. A model is proposed in order capture interactions among ecoefficiency strategies, resources optimization, and feasibility for decision making purposes. It is concluded that an organization might be interested in implementing a recommended ecoefficiency strategy (best practice, retrofit, innovation) in order to achieve resource optimization (electricity, fuels, water, and office supplies) but feasibility will depend on several considerations (economic benefit, cost implementation, and payback period) for decision making purposes.Item Long and Short Term Energy Demand Forecasting using XGBoost Models(LACCEI Inc., 2021-07) Robles, Jose; Sotelo-Valer, Freedy; Nahui-Ortiz, Johnny; Lopez-Cordova, JorgeAs part of the technical studies in energy demand required by regulatory entities in Peru, this paper proposes the use of XGBoost Linear and Decision Trees models based on econometric long and short term variables for energy demand forecast. Considering that data of energy demand per year is only available since 1980, resulting in a small dataset, Leave-One-Out Cross Validation method was used in order to measure the performance of the models with unseen data. After training all models, in terms of econometrics, models based on long term variables shows to be more robust than models with short term ones. In addition, Decision Trees shows a better performance than Linear Models with a noticeable difference in the coefficient of determination for both training and test data.Item Incidence of load profiles in the Levelized Cost of Electricity for a solar-PV generation system located in Lambayeque-Perú.(LACCEI Inc., 2021-07) Nahui-Ortiz, Johnny; Aguinaga, Amado; Dávila, Fredy; Méndez, OscarIn this research work, a comparative cost analysis of electricity produced by a renewable energy system is carried out considering two reference electric load profiles. A 165.4-kWh daily electric load is established on the basis of a community-type profile, with a 20.5-kW peak load and a load factor of 0.34. Using simulation built-in features from HOMER Pro, optimum sizing for both a load profile driven by night time energy demand and a load profile driven by day time energy demand is carried out. A proposed solar-PV generation system, for a load driven by night time energy demand, consists of an 81.5-kW solar PV generation system, a 657-kWh storage capacity, and a 44.87-kW DC-AC converter. On the other hand, a proposed solar-PV generation system, for a load driven by day time energy demand, consists of a 103-kW solar PV generation system, a 443-kWh storage capacity, and a 29.2-kW DC-AC converter. A levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) approach is used for comparison purposes. Also, net present cost (NPC) is calculated for the proposed energy supply alternatives. It is concluded that for comparative cost analysis key aspects, such electric load profile and its correlation with solar radiation availability on hourly basis, play a significant role. Also, Demand-Side Management and End-Use Energy Efficiency would further contribute to optimize sizing of solar-PV generation systems.Item Demoras en la obtención del grado de maestro en el posgrado en la Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería - Perú(LACCEI Inc., 2021-07) Gamarra-Chinchay, Hugo; Sotelo-Valer, Freedy; Nahui-Ortiz, JohnnyEste trabajo aborda la problemática de los egresados de la Maestría de la Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Perú, quienes han tropezado con diversos obstáculos que generan retrasos en la obtención de su maestría. Actualmente, hay un número de egresados por debajo del 10%, incluyendo promociones completas en las que aún no han alcanzado el grado, ante tal situación hacemos una evaluación y luego proponemos recomendaciones que permitan mitigar el problema y una posible solución.